標題：SM2論文：生物多樣性評價和景觀調查的聲學指標
Abstract
Bioacoustics is historically a discipline that essentially focuses on individual behaviour in relation to population and species evolutionary levels but rarely in connection with higher levels of ecological complexity like community, landscape or ecosystem. However, some recent bioacoustic researches have operated a change of scale by developing acoustic indices which aim is to characterize animal acoustic communities and soundscapes. We here review these indices for the first time. The indices can be divided into two classes: the α or within-group indices and the β or between-group indices. Up to 21 α acoustic indices were proposed in less than six years.
These indices estimate the amplitude, evenness, richness, heterogeneity of an acoustic community or soundscape. Seven β diversity indices were suggested to compare amplitude envelopes or, more often, frequency spectral profiles. Both α and β indices reported congruent and expected results but they may still suffer some bias due, for instance, to anthropic background noise or variations in the distances between vocalising animals and the sensors. Research is still needed to improve the reliability of these new mathematical tools for biodiversity assessment and monitoring. We recommend the contemporary use of some of these indices to obtain complementary information. Eventually, we foresee that this new field of research which tries to build bridges between animal behaviour and ecology should meet an important success in the next years for the assessment and monitoring of marine, freshwater and terrestrial biodiversity from individual-based level to landscape dimension.
摘要：
生物聲學在歷史上是一門學科，主要關注與種群和物種進化水平相關的個體行為，但很少與社區、景觀或生態系統等更高層次的生態復雜性相關。然而，最近的一些生物聲學研究通過開發聲學指標來改變規模，旨在表征動物聲學群落和聲景。我們在這里首次回顧這些指數。指數可分為兩類：α或組內指數和β或組間指數。在不到六年的時間里，提出了多達21個α聲學指標。這些指數估計了聲學群落或聲景的振幅、均勻性、豐富度和異質性。建議使用七個β多樣性指數來比較振幅包絡，或者更常見的是比較頻譜輪廓。α和β指數都報告了一致和預期的結果，但它們仍可能存在一些偏差，例如，由于人為背景噪聲或發聲動物與傳感器之間距離的變化。仍然需要研究來提高這些新的生物多樣性評估和監測數學工具的可靠性。我們建議當代使用其中一些指標來獲得補充信息。最終，我們預計，這一試圖在動物行為和生態學之間架起橋梁的新研究領域將在未來幾年取得重要成功，從個體層面到景觀層面評估和監測海洋、淡水和陸地生物多樣性。
關鍵詞：SM2聲學記錄器，Wildlife Acoustics，野外動物調查，動物聲學記錄，自主式聲學記錄器
