標題：SM2BAT+論文：聲學威懾影響自由飛行蝙蝠的覓食活動、飛行和回聲定位行為
Abstract
Acoustic deterrents have shown potential as a viable mitigation measure to reduce human impacts on bats; however, the mechanisms underpinning acoustic deterrence of bats have yet to
be explored. Bats avoid ambient ultrasound in their environment and alter their echolocation calls in response to masking noise. Using stereo thermal videogrammetry and acoustic methods, we tested predictions that: (i) bats would avoid acoustic deterrents and forage and social call less in a ‘treated airspace’; (ii) deterrents would cause bats to fly with more direct flight paths akin to commuting behaviour and in line with a reduction in foraging activity, resulting in increased flight speed and decreased flight tortuosity; and (iii) bats would alter their echolocation call structure in response to the masking deterrent sound. As predicted, overall bat activity was reduced by 30% and we recorded a significant reduction in counts of Pipistrellus pygmaeus (27%), Myotis spp. (probably M. daubentonii) (26%), and Nyctalus spp. and Eptesicus spp. (68%) passes. Pipistrellus pygmaeus feeding buzzes were also reduced by the deterrent in relation to general activity (by 38%); however, social calls were not (only 23% reduction). Bats also increased their flight speed and reduced the tortuosity of their flight paths, and P. pygmaeus reduced echolocation call bandwidth and start frequency of calls in response to deterrent playback, probably owing to the masking effect of the sound. Deterrence could therefore be used to remove bats from areas where they forage, for example wind turbines and roads, where they may be under threat from direct mortality.
KEY WORDS: Thermal imaging, Videogrammetry, Ultrasound, Chiroptera, Flight-path tracking
摘要：
聲學威懾已顯示出作為減少人類對蝙蝠影響的可行緩解措施的潛力；然而，蝙蝠聲威懾的機制尚未得到探索。蝙蝠避開環境中的環境超聲波，并根據掩蔽噪聲改變回聲定位叫聲。我們使用立體熱成像和聲學方法測試了以下預測：（i）蝙蝠在“經過處理的空域”中會避開聲學威懾，減少覓食和社交呼叫；（ii）威懾會導致蝙蝠以更直接的飛行路徑飛行，類似于通勤行為，并與覓食活動的減少相一致，從而提高飛行速度，減少飛行曲折；以及（iii）蝙蝠會改變它們的回聲定位呼叫結構，以應對掩蔽的威懾聲音。正如預測的那樣，蝙蝠的整體活動減少了30%，我們記錄到皮克馬氏小蠊（Pipistellus pygmaeus）和Myotis spp.（可能是M.daubentonii）（26%）、Nyctalus spp.和Eptesicus spp.的通過次數顯著減少（68%）。與一般活動相關的威懾也減少了Pipistrellus pygmaeus的進食嗡嗡聲（38%）；然而，社交電話卻沒有（只減少了23%）。蝙蝠還提高了飛行速度，減少了飛行路徑的曲折，P.pygmaeus降低了回聲定位呼叫帶寬和呼叫的開始頻率，以應對威懾性回放，這可能是由于聲音的掩蔽效應。因此，威懾可以用來將蝙蝠從它們覓食的地區轉移出去，例如風力渦輪機和道路，在那里它們可能會受到直接死亡的威脅。
關鍵詞：SM2BAT+蝙蝠聲記錄監測，熱成像、視頻測量、超聲波、翼手目、飛行路徑跟蹤
